| Table des matières |
| | Preface | iii |
| | A Note to Students | xix |
| | The Top Twenty: A Quick Guide to Troubleshooting Your Writing | 1 |
| pt. 1 | The Art and Craft of Writing | 13 |
| 1. | Expectations for College Writing | 14 |
| a. | Moving between social and academic writing | 14 |
| b. | Preparing to meet academic expectations | 16 |
| c. | Positioning yourself as an academic writer | 16 |
| d. | Becoming an engaged reader | 19 |
| e. | Writing academic work | 20 |
| f. | Preparing for college research | 21 |
| 2. | Rhetorical Situations | 23 |
| a. | Making good choices for your situation | 23 |
| b. | Understanding academic assignments | 24 |
| c. | Thinking about topics and purposes | 28 |
| d. | Considering audiences | 32 |
| e. | Thinking about genres and media | 37 |
| f. | Considering language and style | 41 |
| 3. | Exploring, Planning, and Drafting | 44 |
| a. | Exploring a topic | 44 |
| b. | Narrowing a topic | 51 |
| c. | Drafting a working thesis | 52 |
| d. | Gathering information | 55 |
| e. | Organizing verbal and visual information | 55 |
| f. | Planning | 61 |
| g. | Drafting | 65 |
| | A student's first draft | 67 |
| 4. | Reviewing, Revising, and Editing | 72 |
| a. | Rereading your draft | 72 |
| b. | Reviewing peer writers | 75 |
| c. | Getting the most from peer reviewers' comments | 87 |
| d. | Learning from instructor comments | 87 |
| e. | Revising with peer and instructor comments | 89 |
| f. | Revising thesis and support | 91 |
| g. | Rethinking organization | 92 |
| h. | Revising title, introduction, and conclusion | 92 |
| i. | Revising paragraphs, sentences, words, and tone | 94 |
| j. | Checking visuals, media, and design | 99 |
| k. | Editing | 100 |
| l. | Proofreading the final draft | 101 |
| | A Student's Final Draft | 101 |
| m. | Reflecting on your writing | 105 |
| 5. | Developing Paragraphs | 107 |
| a. | Creating strong paragraphs | 107 |
| b. | Writing unified paragraphs | 109 |
| c. | Developing paragraphs | 112 |
| d. | Making paragraphs coherent | 124 |
| e. | Linking paragraphs together | 128 |
| f. | Writing special-purpose paragraphs | 130 |
| 6. | Working with Others | 136 |
| a. | Collaborating in college | 136 |
| b. | Working on group projects | 137 |
| c. | Making presentations | 140 |
| pt. 2 | Critical Thinking and Argument | 143 |
| 7. | Reading Critically | 144 |
| a. | Previewing a text | 144 |
| b. | Reading and annotating a text | 147 |
| c. | Summarizing a text | 151 |
| d. | Analyzing a text | 152 |
| e. | A Student's Critical Reading of a Text | 155 |
| 8. | Analyzing Arguments | 163 |
| a. | Recognizing argument | 163 |
| b. | Thinking critically about argument | 165 |
| c. | Considering cultural contexts | 166 |
| d. | Reading emotional, ethical, and logical appeals | 167 |
| e. | Identifying elements of an argument | 171 |
| f. | Identifying fallacies | 174 |
| g. | A Student's Rhetorical Analysis of an Argument | 181 |
| 9. | Constructing Arguments | 186 |
| a. | Arguing for a purpose | 186 |
| b. | Determining whether a statement can be argued | 188 |
| c. | Formulating a working thesis | 190 |
| d. | Finding good reasons | 191 |
| e. | Making ethical appeals | 192 |
| f. | Making logical appeals | 195 |
| g. | Making emotional appeals | 204 |
| h. | Using sources in an argument | 208 |
| i. | Organizing an argument | 209 |
| j. | Designing an argument | 212 |
| k. | A Student's Argument Essay | 213 |
| pt. 3 | Research and Documentation | 219 |
| 10. | Preparing for a Research Project | 220 |
| a. | Considering the research process | 220 |
| b. | Analyzing the assignment | 221 |
| c. | Narrowing a topic | 225 |
| d. | Moving from research question to hypothesis | 226 |
| e. | Determining what you know | 226 |
| f. | Making a preliminary research plan | 227 |
| g. | Keeping a research log | 228 |
| h. | Moving from hypothesis to working thesis | 229 |
| 11. | Conducting Research | 230 |
| a. | Differentiating kinds of sources | 230 |
| b. | Using the library to get started | 232 |
| c. | Finding library resources | 235 |
| d. | Conducting Internet research | 243 |
| e. | Conducting field research | 245 |
| 12. | Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes | 251 |
| a. | Using sources to meet a need | 251 |
| b. | Keeping a working bibliography | 251 |
| c. | Evaluating usefulness and credibility | 253 |
| d. | Reading and interpreting sources | 255 |
| e. | Synthesizing sources | 261 |
| f. | Taking notes and annotating sources | 266 |
| 13. | Integrating Sources into Your Writing | 276 |
| a. | Deciding whether to quote, paraphrase, or summarize | 276 |
| b. | Working with quotations | 276 |
| c. | Paraphrasing | 281 |
| d. | Summarizing | 282 |
| e. | Working with visuals and media | 283 |
| f. | Checking for excessive use of source material | 285 |
| 14. | Acknowledging Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism | 287 |
| a. | Understanding reasons to acknowledge sources | 287 |
| b. | Knowing which sources to acknowledge | 288 |
| c. | Maintaining academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism | 290 |
| d. | Considering your intellectual property | 293 |
| e. | Collaborating | 294 |
| 15. | Writing a Research Project | 295 |
| a. | Refining your plans | 295 |
| b. | Organizing information | 297 |
| c. | Drafting | 299 |
| d. | Incorporating source materials | 301 |
| e. | Reviewing and getting responses to your draft | 301 |
| f. | Revising and editing | 306 |
| g. | Preparing a list of sources | 306 |
| h. | Proofreading your final copy | 306 |
| 16. | MLA Style | 308 |
| a. | Formatting MLA manuscripts | 308 |
| b. | In-text citations | 309 |
| c. | Explanatory and bibliographic notes | 315 |
| d. | List of works cited | 316 |
| e. | A Student Research Essay, MLA Style | 349 |
| 17. | APA Style | 360 |
| a. | Formatting APA manuscripts | 360 |
| b. | In-text citations | 362 |
| c. | Content notes | 365 |
| d. | List of references | 368 |
| e. | A Student Research Essay, APA Style | 386 |
| 18. | Chicago Style | 396 |
| a. | Formatting Chicago manuscripts | 396 |
| b. | In-text citations, notes, and bibliography | 397 |
| c. | Notes and bibliographic entries | 399 |
| d. | A Student Research Essay, Chicago Style | 415 |
| 19. | CSE Style | 426 |
| a. | Formatting CSE manuscripts | 426 |
| b. | In-text citations | 427 |
| c. | List of references | 428 |
| d. | A Student Paper, CSE Style | 439 |
| pt. 4 | Print, Electronic, and Other Media | 445 |
| 20. | Formal and Informal Electronic Communication | 446 |
| a. | Composing academic and professional messages | 446 |
| b. | Writing for less formal situations | 449 |
| 21. | Online Texts | 454 |
| a. | Planning an online text | 454 |
| b. | Considering types of online texts | 456 |
| c. | Examining features of online texts | 462 |
| d. | Putting your text together | 463 |
| 22. | Oral and Multimedia Presentations | 465 |
| a. | Joining class discussions | 465 |
| b. | Considering assignment, purpose, and audience for presentations | 466 |
| c. | Composing for oral presentations | 468 |
| d. | Giving multimedia presentations | 480 |
| e. | Using Webcasts | 486 |
| 23. | Design for Writing | 488 |
| a. | Planning a visual structure | 488 |
| b. | Formatting | 491 |
| c. | Using headings | 495 |
| d. | Planning visuals | 496 |
| pt. 5 | Effective Language | 501 |
| 24. | Writing to the World | 502 |
| a. | Thinking about what seems "normal" | 502 |
| b. | Clarifying meaning | 503 |
| c. | Meeting audience expectations | 504 |
| 25. | Language That Builds Common Ground | 509 |
| a. | Avoiding stereotypes and generalizations | 509 |
| b. | Avoiding assumptions about gender | 511 |
| c. | Avoiding assumptions about race and ethnicity | 513 |
| d. | Considering other kinds of difference | 514 |
| 26. | Language Variety | 518 |
| a. | Using varieties of language in academic writing | 518 |
| b. | Using standard varieties of English | 519 |
| c. | Using varieties of English to evoke a place or community | 520 |
| d. | Using varieties of English to build credibility with a community | 521 |
| e. | Using other languages | 523 |
| 27. | Word Choice | 526 |
| a. | Choosing appropriate words for the context | 526 |
| b. | Using words with appropriate connotations | 531 |
| c. | Balancing general and specific language | 533 |
| d. | Using figurative language | 535 |
| 28. | Dictionaries, Vocabulary, and Spelling | 539 |
| a. | Finding information in dictionaries | 539 |
| b. | Using different kinds of dictionaries | 542 |
| c. | Building your vocabulary | 544 |
| d. | Understanding vocabulary in context | 550 |
| e. | Checking spelling | 551 |
| f. | Following spelling rules | 555 |
| pt. 6 | Sentence Grammar | 559 |
| 29. | Grammatical Sentences | 560 |
| a. | The basic grammar of sentences | 560 |
| b. | The parts of speech | 564 |
| c. | The parts of a sentence | 574 |
| d. | Types of sentences | 585 |
| 30. | Verbs | 589 |
| a. | Verb forms | 589 |
| b. | Auxiliary verbs | 592 |
| c. | Regular and irregular verbs | 592 |
| d. | Lay and lie, sit and set, raise and rise | 597 |
| e. | Verb tenses | 598 |
| f. | Verb tense sequence | 602 |
| g. | Voice | 605 |
| h. | Mood | 607 |
| 31. | Subject-Verb Agreement | 610 |
| a. | Verbs with third-person singular subjects | 610 |
| b. | Subjects and verbs separated by other words | 611 |
| c. | Verbs with compound subjects | 612 |
| d. | Verbs with collective nouns or fractions | 613 |
| e. | Verbs with indefinite-pronoun subjects | 614 |
| f. | Verbs with antecedents of who; which, and that | 615 |
| g. | Linking verbs and their subjects | 615 |
| h. | Verbs with singular subjects ending in -s | 616 |
| i. | Verbs that appear before subjects | 616 |
| j. | Verbs with titles and words used as words | 617 |
| 32. | Pronouns | 619 |
| a. | Pronoun case | 619 |
| b. | Who, whoever, whom, and whomever | 622 |
| c. | Case in compound structures | 624 |
| d. | Case in elliptical constructions | 625 |
| e. | We and us before a noun | 625 |
| f. | Pronoun-antecedent agreement | 626 |
| g. | Sexist pronouns | 628 |
| h. | Ambiguous pronoun references | 630 |
| i. | Vague use of it, this, that, and which | 630 |
| j. | Who vs. which and that to refer to people | 631 |
| k. | Indefinite use of you, it, and they | 631 |
| l. | Implied antecedents | 632 |
| 33. | Adjectives and Adverbs | 635 |
| a. | Adjectives after linking verbs | 635 |
| b. | Adverb use | 636 |
| c. | Comparatives and superlatives | 638 |
| d. | Nouns as modifiers | 641 |
| pt. 7 | Sentence Clarity | 643 |
| 34. | Confusing Shifts | 644 |
| a. | Revising shifts in tense | 644 |
| b. | Revising shifts in mood | 644 |
| c. | Revising shifts in voice | 645 |
| d. | Revising shifts in person and number | 645 |
| e. | Revising shifts between direct and indirect discourse | 645 |
| f. | Revising shifts in tone and diction | 647 |
| 35. | Parallelism | 649 |
| a. | Making items in a series parallel | 649 |
| b. | Using parallel structures to pair ideas | 650 |
| c. | Including all necessary words | 652 |
| d. | Using parallel structures for emphasis and effect | 652 |
| 36. | Comma Splices and Fused Sentences | 654 |
| a. | Separating the clauses into two sentences | 654 |
| b. | Linking the clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction | 655 |
| c. | Linking the clauses with a semicolon | 656 |
| d. | Recasting two clauses as one independent clause | 658 |
| e. | Recasting one independent clause as a dependent clause | 658 |
| f. | Linking two independent clauses with a dash | 659 |
| 37. | Sentence Fragments | 661 |
| a. | Revising phrase fragments | 661 |
| b. | Revising compound-predicate fragments | 663 |
| c. | Revising dependent-clause fragments | 664 |
| 38. | Modifier Placement | 666 |
| a. | Revising misplaced modifiers | 666 |
| b. | Revising disruptive modifiers | 669 |
| c. | Revising dangling modifiers | 671 |
| 39. | Consistent and Complete Structures | 673 |
| a. | Revising faulty sentence structure | 673 |
| b. | Matching subjects and predicates | 674 |
| c. | Completing elliptical constructions | 676 |
| d. | Checking for missing words | 676 |
| e. | Making complete comparisons | 676 |
| pt. 8 | Sentence Style | 679 |
| 40. | Concise Writing | 680 |
| a. | Eliminating unnecessary words | 680 |
| b. | Simplifying sentence structure | 682 |
| c. | Using active and passive voice appropriately | 683 |
| 41. | Coordination and Subordination | 686 |
| a. | Relating equal ideas with coordination | 686 |
| b. | Emphasizing main ideas with subordination | 689 |
| 42. | Sentence Variety | 693 |
| a. | Varying sentence length | 693 |
| b. | Varying sentence openings | 695 |
| c. | Varying sentence types | 696 |
| 43. | Memorable Prose | 700 |
| a. | Writing emphatic sentences | 700 |
| b. | Choosing strong verbs | 702 |
| c. | Using special effects | 703 |
| pt. 9 | Punctuation | 707 |
| 44. | Commas | 708 |
| a. | Commas after introductory elements | 708 |
| b. | Commas in compound sentences | 710 |
| c. | Commas to set off nonrestrictive elements | 712 |
| d. | Commas to separate items in a series | 716 |
| e. | Commas to set off parenthetical and transitional expressions | 718 |
| f. | Commas to set off contrasting elements, interjections, direct address, and tag questions | 718 |
| g. | Commas with dates, addresses, titles, and numbers | 719 |
| h. | Commas with quotations | 721 |
| i. | Commas for understanding | 722 |
| j. | Unnecessary commas | 722 |
| 45. | Semicolons | 725 |
| a. | Semicolons with independent clauses | 725 |
| b. | Semicolons to separate items in a series | 727 |
| c. | Misused or overused semicolons | 727 |
| d. | Semicolons with quotation marks | 728 |
| 46. | End Punctuation | 730 |
| a. | Periods | 730 |
| b. | Question marks | 731 |
| c. | Exclamation points | 732 |
| 47. | Apostrophes | 734 |
| a. | Apostrophes to signal possessive case | 734 |
| b. | Apostrophes to signal contractions and other omissions | 737 |
| c. | Apostrophes to form certain plurals | 737 |
| 48. | Quotation Marks | 739 |
| a. | Quotation marks to signal direct quotations | 739 |
| b. | Quotation marks to signal titles and definitions | 742 |
| c. | Quotation marks to signal irony and invented words | 743 |
| d. | Misused quotation marks | 744 |
| e. | Quotation marks with other punctuation | 744 |
| 49. | Other Punctuation Marks | 747 |
| a. | Parentheses | 747 |
| b. | Brackets | 748 |
| c. | Dashes | 750 |
| d. | Colons | 752 |
| e. | Slashes | 754 |
| f. | Ellipses | 754 |
| pt. 10 | Mechanics | 757 |
| 50. | Capital Letters | 758 |
| a. | The first word of a sentence or line of poetry | 758 |
| b. | Proper nouns and proper adjectives | 759 |
| c. | Titles of works | 761 |
| d. | Unnecessary capitalization | 762 |
| 51. | Abbreviations and Numbers | 764 |
| a. | Abbreviations for titles and academic degrees | 764 |
| b. | Abbreviations with years and hours | 765 |
| c. | Acronyms and initial abbreviations | 765 |
| d. | Abbreviations in company names | 766 |
| e. | Latin abbreviations | 766 |
| f. | Abbreviations for reference information, geographic terms, and months | 767 |
| g. | Symbols and units of measurement | 767 |
| h. | Numbers within sentences | 768 |
| i. | Numbers that begin sentences | 769 |
| j. | Conventions with figures | 770 |
| 52. | Italics | 772 |
| a. | Italics for titles | 772 |
| b. | Italics for words, letters, and numbers referred to as terms | 773 |
| c. | Italics for non-English words and phrases | 773 |
| d. | Italics for names of vehicles | 774 |
| e. | Italics for special emphasis | 774 |
| 53. | Hyphens | 776 |
| a. | Hyphens with compound words | 776 |
| b. | Hyphens with prefixes and suffixes | 778 |
| c. | Unnecessary hyphens | 778 |
| pt. 11 | For Multilingual Writers | 781 |
| 54. | Writing in U.S. Academic Contexts | 782 |
| a. | Meeting expectations for U.S. academic writing | 782 |
| b. | Understanding genre conventions | 783 |
| c. | Adapting structures and phrases from a genre | 786 |
| d. | Strategies for learning from search engines | 787 |
| 55. | Clauses and Sentences | 791 |
| a. | Including explicit subjects and objects | 791 |
| b. | Using English word order | 792 |
| c. | Using noun clauses | 792 |
| d. | Choosing between infinitives and gerunds | 793 |
| e. | Using adjective clauses | 795 |
| f. | Forming conditional sentences | 796 |
| 56. | Nouns and Noun Phrases | 798 |
| a. | Using count and noncount nouns | 798 |
| b. | Using proper nouns | 799 |
| c. | Using determiners | 799 |
| d. | Using articles | 800 |
| e. | Arranging modifiers | 804 |
| 57. | Verbs and Verb Phrases | 806 |
| a. | Forming verb phrases | 806 |
| b. | Using modals | 809 |
| c. | Indicating tenses | 811 |
| d. | Forming perfect and progressive verb phrases | 812 |
| e. | Using participial adjectives | 814 |
| 58. | Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases | 816 |
| a. | Using prepositions idiomatically | 816 |
| b. | Using two-word verbs idiomatically | 818 |
| pt. 12 | Academic and Professional Writing | 821 |
| 59. | Academic Work in Any Discipline | 822 |
| a. | Writing in any discipline | 822 |
| b. | Reading in any discipline | 823 |
| c. | Understanding academic assignments | 824 |
| d. | Learning specialized vocabulary | 825 |
| e. | Following disciplinary style | 826 |
| f. | Using appropriate evidence | 827 |
| g. | Using conventional patterns and formats | 829 |
| h. | Making ethical decisions | 829 |
| i. | Collaborating and communicating | 830 |
| 60. | Writing for the Humanities | 832 |
| a. | Reading texts in the humanities | 832 |
| b. | Writing texts in the humanities | 834 |
| c. | A Student's Close Reading of Poetry | 835 |
| 61. | Writing for the Social Sciences | 842 |
| a. | Reading texts in the social sciences | 842 |
| b. | Writing texts in the social sciences | 844 |
| c. | A Student's Brief Psychology Report | 846 |
| 62. | Writing for the Natural and Applied Sciences | 851 |
| a. | Reading texts in the natural and applied sciences | 851 |
| b. | Writing texts in the natural and applied sciences | 853 |
| c. | A Student's Chemistry Lab Report | 854 |
| 63. | Writing for Business | 863 |
| a. | Reading texts for business | 863 |
| b. | Writing texts for business | 863 |
| 64. | Essay Examinations | 873 |
| a. | Preparing for an essay examination | 873 |
| b. | Writing an essay examination response | 876 |
| c. | Writing take-home exams | 878 |
| d. | A student's Essay Exam Response | 878 |
| 65. | Portfolios | 882 |
| a. | Planning a portfolio | 882 |
| b. | Completing a portfolio | 884 |
| c. | A Student's Portfolio Cover Letter | 886 |
| d. | A Student's Portfolio Home Page | 888 |
| 66. | Writing to Make Something Happen in the World | 890 |
| a. | Identifying your audience | 890 |
| b. | Connecting with your audience | 891 |
| c. | Sample writing that makes something happen in the world | 892 |
| | Glossary of Terms | 900 |
| | Glossary of Usage | 910 |
| | Index | 920 |
